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Assault 4 9a.36.041 - And officially the 5.56 mm, M249, Light Machine Gun, the American variant of the Belgian FN Mini, a light machine gun manufactured by FN Herstal (FN) of Belgium.

The M249 is manufactured in the United States by FN Manufacturing LLC in Columbia, South Carolina, and is widely used by the US Armed Forces. This weapon was introduced in 1984 after being deemed the most effective (compared to several candidate weapons) to address the lack of fully automatic firepower. The M249 gives infantry crews a superior automatic weapon with the accuracy and portability of a rifle.

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The M249 is gas-operated and air-cooled, with a quick-change barrel (allowing for quick replacement of a heated or jammed barrel) and a military front-mounted bipod (the M192 LGM tripod is also available). ). The SAW can be fed from attached ammunition and STANAG magazines (such as those used on the M16 and M4), allowing the SAW operator to use it as a source of ammunition if the belt runs out. STANAG magazines should only be used in an emergency due to their failure rate.

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Since the US occupation of Panama in 1989, M249s have been involved in major conflicts in the US. In 2009, the US Marine Corps selected the M27 infantry assault rifle to replace the M249 in USMC service.

In 1965, the M2 Browning and the M60 were the primary machine guns of the US Army and US Navy. The M2 was a large-caliber heavy machine gun, usually mounted on vehicles or fixed positions.

The M60 was a more compact general purpose machine gun, meant to be carried by soldiers to provide heavy automatic fire.

Both weapons were very heavy and usually required a crew of at least two men to operate effectively.

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The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR), the Army's primary automatic weapon since the start of World War I, was replaced in 1957 with the introduction of the M14 rifle (fully automatic in its mode).

In all squads, "designated riflemen" were ordered to use their weapons in full automatic mode, while other soldiers were required to operate their rifles primarily in semi-automatic mode to improve accuracy and conserve ammunition.

Because the M14 and M16 rifles were not designed with continuous automatic fire in mind, they often overheat or overpower.

The 20-round and 30-round magazines of these weapons limited their sustained automatic effectiveness compared to belt-fed weapons.

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The Army decided that a special machine gun, lighter than the M60 but with more firepower than the M16, would be desirable; soldiers no longer had to rely on rifles for automatic fire.

In the 1960s, various studies were conducted to introduce machine guns to infantry units.

Although there was a brief flirtation with the flket or towed universal machine gun concept in one study, most of the light machine gun testing was done on the Stoner 63 light machine gun, a modular weapon that could be easily modified for different purposes.

The Stoner 63 LMG saw extensive combat with the Marines in Vietnam and later with the US Navy.

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In 1968, the Army Small Arms Program developed plans for a new 5.56 mm caliber LMG, but no funding was allocated (5.56 mm ammunition was not seen in force by most of the armed forces). Research began with improved 5.56mm ammunition with improved performance characteristics.

In July 1970, the US Army approved the development of the LMG without a specific standard. At this time the designation "Squad Automatic Weapon" (SAW) was introduced.

Actual design of alternative cartridges for the LMG did not begin until July 1971. A month later, Frankford Arsal decided on two cartridge designs for the new LMG: the 6mm cartridge and the larger new 5.56mm cartridge.

Neither project was finalized until March 1972, when the Army published a specification document for the proposed SAW.

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By July 1972, SAW development contracts had been awarded to Rodman Laboratories at Maremont, Philco Ford, and Rock Island Arms. These companies produced designs with the "experimental" designations XM233, XM234, and XM235-X, respectively. Designs called for a weight of 9.07 kg (20 lb) with 200 rounds of ammunition and a range of at least 800 meters (2,600 ft).

The first Belgian-built Minimi prototype was delivered to the US Infantry Board for evaluation before receiving the XM249 designation.

When it came time to develop and test the SAW candidates, three candidate 5.56mm weapons were presented along with the 6mm candidate: the M16 HBAR, a heavy-chain variant of the M16 designed for long-range fire; Fabrique Nationale de Herstal (FN) Mini; and HK 23A1. The first round of tests was completed in December 1974.

In June 1976, Minimi and the Rodman XM235 SAW were selected for further development. At this point, ideas for the 6mm cartridge began to swell due to the logistical implications of providing the infantry with another round of ammunition.

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In June, the SAW specification document was requested to be revised to specify a standard 5.56mm weapon. In October, the requested revisions were approved and proposals were solicited to convert the Rodman XM235 to 5.56mm. Production of the modified XM235 was transferred to Ford Aerospace and renamed XM248.

In 1978, a new M16 HBAR variant, the XM106, was developed, and shortly thereafter Heckler & Koch lobbied to introduce a 5.56mm version of the HK 21A1 (instead of the standard 7.62mm NATO ammunition installed) in future SAW testing. . . The latest model is called XM262. At this point it was named Mini XM249.

In May 1980, the FN XM249 was the best choice for future development due to its performance and cost, with the HK XM262 reportedly a close second.

The new weapon entered US Army service in 1984 as the M249 automatic weapon and was adopted by the US Navy a year later. The US production model has a different bumper than the standard Minimi model.

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Although considered reliable and accurate, the M249 was considered an unacceptable risk due to its hot open barrel and sharp edges. Special correction tools were required in the forward vision. On August 23, 1985, US Assistant Secretary of the Army James R. Ambrose halted production of the M249, and a Product Improvement Program (PIP) was developed to address these issues.

Congress removed funds for the M249 from the defense budget in fiscal year 1986, removing program funds from the M249 program for other purposes, such as pensions and pay increases. More than 1,100 M249s were to be used earlier, but were replaced by the PIP package when it became available. More than 7,000 remaining M249s had to be held in storage until modifications were made. PIP equipment was significantly improved and used, and production of the M249 resumed.

It fires the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge, usually a combination of one M856 follower and four M855 ball cartridges fed from M27 attached belts. Belts are usually stored in a hard plastic or soft canvas case attached to the underside of the gun.

The bolt is fuel fired and powered by gas. When the trigger is pulled, the bolt and bolt carrier are moved forward by the force of the return spring. The cartridge is removed from the belt, chambered and released, and ejected under the arrow. The expanding propellant gases are passed through a hole in the manifold into a chamber. This pressure actuates the piston, which energizes it to retract and eject the spd housing, as well as advance the belt and compress the return spring, thus preparing for the next stages. At 1,041 mm (41 in) long and 7.5 kg (17 lb) (10 kg (22 lb) 200-round belt and plastic ammunition box), the M249 is a heavy weapon.

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The M249's air-cooled barrel is equipped with a barrel assembly removal and replacement mechanism, which makes it easy for the operator to replace the barrel in the field during heavy fire. One revolution of the hole is 180 mm (7 in).

A folding bipod with adjustable legs attaches to the front of the gun, but the M192 has provisions for rigid mounting to the roof of a lightweight surface mount or vehicle mount.

The M249's original gas regulator featured two different gas port sizes, normal and negative. The rough case increases the rate of fire from 700–850 rounds per minute to 950–1,150 rounds per minute and is used only in extreme conditions or where there is heavy oil in the barrel gas. The two-position gas regulator was dropped as part of a product improvement program, which made M249s that received the product improvement kit unable to fire at higher velocities.

Constant speed, rate of fire

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